Risk Measures, Performance Attribution, and Alpha

Free CAIA Level I lesson in Introduction to Alternative Investments. 37 min read, ~5,599 words.

Downside risk has multiple flavors: semivariance, semistandard deviation, semivolatility, target semivariance, target semistandard deviation (downside deviation), shortfall risk (a probability), and tracking error (a standard deviation of active returns). Parametric VaR = Z × σ × √Days × Value; portfolio VaR depends on correlation (sum, √(sum of squares), or zero)...

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