Calculate state-dependent probabilities for continuous time Markov models.

Free SOA Exam ALTAM (Advanced Long-Term Actuarial Mathematics) lesson in Survival Models for Contingent Cash Flows. 19 min read, ~2,904 words.

Notation: is the probability a life in state at age is in state at age. The overline requires staying in throughout. Sojourn formula:. Makeham integral:. Kolmogorov forward:. State-dependent annuity:. Row-sum audit:. Numerical default: Euler with step, often year. Halve when any intensity exceeds about 0.5. Identity check: at every. Absorbing...

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