Yield Rates, Duration, Convexity, Spot Rates, Forward Rates, and Immunization

Free SOA Exam FM (Financial Mathematics) lesson in General Cash Flows, Portfolios, and Asset-Liability Management. 14 min read, ~2,028 words.

Macaulay duration = PV-weighted average time (years). Modified duration = Macaulay /. First-order:. Second-order adds. Spot rate prices a zero at maturity. Forward rate links adjacent spots via no-arbitrage. Redington immunization: PV match, duration match, and convexity dominance; protects against small parallel shifts only. Full immunization: PV match plus assets...

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