External and Internal Credit Ratings and Country Risk

Free GARP FRM Part I lesson in Valuation and Risk Models. 23 min read, ~3,416 words.

External ratings (S&P, Moody's, Fitch) ordinal-rank issuers from AAA to D; investment grade ends at BBB-/Baa3, below is high-yield. Ratings opine on default probability, not loss given default. The BBB-/Baa3 boundary drives institutional mandates and creates a price cliff that matters more than any single notch within a category. Through-the-cycle...

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